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Ohthere of Hålogaland ((ノルウェー語:Ottar fra Hålogaland)) was a Viking Age Norwegian seafarer known only from an account of his travels that he gave to King Alfred (871–99) of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex in about 890 AD. His account was incorporated into an Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, version of a Latin historical book written early in the 5th century by Paulus Orosius, called ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII'', or ''Seven Books of History Against the Pagans''. The Old English version of this book is believed to have been written in Wessex in King Alfred's lifetime or soon after his death, and the earliest surviving copy is attributed to the same place and time. In his account, Ohthere said that his home was in "Halgoland", or Hålogaland, where he lived "north-most of all Norwegians … () no-one () to the north of him".〔Thorpe, 1900, pp. 249–253.〕 Ohthere spoke of his travels north to the White Sea, and south to Denmark, describing both journeys in some detail. He also spoke of ''Sweoland'' (central Sweden), the Sami people (''Finnas''), and of two peoples called the ''Cwenas'', living in ''Cwena land'', to the north of the Swedes, and the ''Beormas'', whom he found living by the White Sea. Ohthere reported that the ''Beormas'' spoke a language related to that of the Sami. Ohthere's story is the earliest known written source for the term "Denmark" (''dena mearc''), and perhaps also for "Norway" (''norðweg''). Ohthere's home may have been in the vicinity of Tromsø, in southern Troms county, northern Norway. ==Sources== Orosius' 5th-century ''Seven Books of History Against the Pagans'' was a popular work of history in the Middle Ages, with about 250 manuscript copies from that period surviving today. Late in the 9th century King Alfred of Wessex, or members of his court, appear to have seen it as a useful basis for a world-history written in their own language, and an Old English version may have been seen as complementary to Bede's 8th-century ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' and the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', which was begun in Alfred's reign.〔; .〕 The Old English version of Orosius is an adaptation rather than a direct translation, one of its features being the addition and correction of information concerning European geography. The addition of Ohthere's account of his travels, and that of another traveller named Wulfstan, represents part of that process. The authorship of the Old English Orosius is unknown. In the 12th century William of Malmesbury believed that it was the work of King Alfred himself, but scholarly scrutiny of the text since the mid-20th century, including by the historians Dorothy Whitelock and Janet Bately, has led to this view being refuted on lexical and syntactic grounds. Janet Bately believes that the Old English version of Orosius was created between 889 and 899, probably in the early 890s,〔, cited in .〕 but there is no way of knowing whether Ohthere's account was previously in existence and incorporated from the outset, or if it was written down later and incorporated into a subsequent copy of the Old English Orosius. The events that Ohthere described may have taken place at any time from the 870s to the late 890s, and Ohthere's account is given in the form of a third-person report of what he said to King Alfred, rather than as reported speech, as exemplified by the opening sentence: "Ohthere sæde his hlaforde Ælfrede kynincge þæt he ealra Norðmanna norðmest bude." ("Ohthere told his lord ''Ælfrede'' king that he lived northmost of all Norwegians.") Dorothy Whitelock wrote that "Ohthere's account reads like a set of replies to questions put to him."〔, quoted in .〕 The Old English version of Orosius survives almost complete in two Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. The earliest is known variously as the Tollemache, Helmingham or Lauderdale Orosius, and is kept at the British Library under the reference "Additional 47967".〔"(Detailed record for Additional 47967 )". (not dated). British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts. Retrieved 22 December 2013.〕 This manuscript was written in Wessex between about 892 and 925, possibly at Winchester.〔 The second manuscript dates from early in the 11th century, is of unknown English provenance, and is kept at the British Library under the reference "Cotton Tiberius B. i". Both manuscripts are copies of a "common ancestor". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ohthere of Hålogaland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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